In the modern era humanity has transformed landscapes, cleared forests, driven species to extinction, and spread poisons across the whole Earth. The practices and ideas underpinning this degradation and pollution is the subject of an area of study called environmental history, which asks how people’s actions and ideas about the natural world have changed over time. This unit will study how people have imagined and changed the environment at a global scale since the rise of global European empires, concentrating on the eighteenth through twentieth centuries. Our central themes will be extraction, institutions, and justice. Extraction takes in mining, agriculture, plantation forestry, and bioprospecting—it changes landscapes and social relations. Institutions, whether governmental, scientific or civil society, shape how environments are known, felt, and governed. And justice reminds us that different people feel the effects of environmental change and development differently, in their livelihoods and into their body’s cells. This unit will also consider and historicise key concepts, including wilderness, Anthropocene, nature, and the commons, among others.